What is Brexit?
Defined by AbbreviationFinder.org, The word Brexit denotes Britain’s exit from the European Union. We have summarized the most important things for you and answered some questions.
Brexit facts and figures
Brexit is a compound word from Britain (German: Great Britain) and Exit (German: Ausstieg).
- June 23, 2016: referendum
All citizens of Great Britain were asked to vote on whether their country should remain in the European Union (EU) or exit. The word for this is called a referendum. What many did not expect: Most people chose to leave. The country was and still is very divided. The majority were very narrow, 51.9% of the people voted for Brexit.
- July 13, 2016: Theresa May becomes new Prime Minister
After the vote, Prime Minister David Cameron announced his resignation. The latter had promoted staying in the EU. Theresa May became his successor. She has the task of negotiating the exit with the EU. It introduced several laws and a minister for leaving the EU.
- March 29, 2017: Application to leave the EU
Theresa May has submitted a written application to leave the EU to President Donald Tusk. Now the withdrawal must take place within two years. It won’t be that easy.
- June 19, 2017: First negotiations
In Brussels, the EU Commission starts negotiations on the exit for the first time. However, the first successes did not follow until December 2017. According to Theresa May, fundamental problems have now been clarified.
- March 2018: The “backstop” should solve problems
The situation on the Irish island is considered the biggest crux of the negotiations. A solution will be announced for the first time in March 2018. Northern Ireland and Ireland are two different countries, of which only one will belong to the EU after Brexit. An EU external border would thus run between the two countries, which would result in border fences and customs controls. However, the Irish Peace Treaty of 1998 stipulates that the country’s border must not affect the peaceful coexistence of the islanders. Border conflicts are to be prevented with the “backstop”. Accordingly, Great Britain is to form a customs union with the EU for at least two more years and Northern Ireland remains in the EU’s internal market (a delimited economic area). This regulation applies until it succeeds
- July 6, 2018: Dispute in the British Parliament
Theresa May finally presents a concrete exit concept. Meanwhile, the British government is becoming more and more controversial. Many disagree with the “backstop” and call for new negotiations. The EU Commission is also irritable. It is criticized that the UK has still not set clear targets nine months before the planned exit.
- November 25, 2018: The agreement is signed
After endless negotiations and much argument, the Brexit agreement is finally signed by all 27 EU member states. However, the British Parliament still has to approve this agreement.
- December 12, 2018: vote of no confidenceagainst May
However, many politicians from Parliament are not satisfied with the contract. Above all, the “backstop” annoys them very much. Therefore critics of Theresa May called for a vote of no confidence. The members of the party had to vote if they wanted to keep May as chair. It received 117 votes against, but another 200 politicians said they continue to trust May. So she survived the vote and remains prime minister.
- January 2019: vote is postponed
The vote in Parliament on the agreement with the EU should actually take place in December. However, because Theresa May was certain that the contract would not win an absolute majority, she postponed the vote until mid-January. How the vote will turn out is still unclear. An unregulated Brexit in spring 2019, i.e. without clear agreements, is becoming more and more likely.
- January and March 2019: British Parliament votes against May’s deal
Theresa May has negotiated a contract with the EU. The EU makes it clear that it will not make any further changes. May presents the Brexit contract three times to the British House of Commons. Parliament always votes against the deal. Theresa May postpones the vote and tries to win over British politicians to the contract, but to no avail. In between there was also a vote of no confidence that May survived. She also worked on a “Plan B”: The “hard Brexit”, that is, the unregulated exit of the UK is becoming more and more likely.
Shortly before the 3rd vote in the lower house, the EU extended the deadline from March 29 to April 12, 2019.
- April: EU decides to postpone Brexit deadline
At a special summit, the European Union decides to extend the deadline for Britain’s exit from the EU. The new date is October 31, 2019.
- July 24, 2019: Theresa May resigns and Boris Johnson becomes the new Prime Minister
After Theresa May failed three times in the Brexit vote in the British Parliament, she resigns. Parliament elected Boris Johnson, who is considered a Brexit hardliner. That means: He is likely to pull through Brexit – with and without a contract with the EU.
- August 28, 2019: Johnson gives Parliament a mandatory break
Boris Johnson orders the UK Parliament to close from September 10th to October 14th, 2019. The break in the session does not suit many politicians so shortly before the Brexit date.
- EU agrees: New date for Brexit is January 31, 2020
- December 12, 2019: General election – Boris Johnson remains prime minister
The prime minister announced new elections. His plan worked: the British chose him and his party and thus also Brexit – and that very clearly. The opposing party, the Liberals, have lost seats in parliament.
- December 2019 and January 2020: Parliament and EU vote in favor of draft exit
In December Boris Johnson submitted a new draft EU treaty to the House of Commons. The contract has over 500 pages. They voted for it. In January the upper house also voted for it. On January 29, 2020, EU politicians also confirmed the treaty.
- January 31, 2020: Brexit Day
Great Britain officially leaves the European Union at midnight. There is a transitional solution until the end of 2020, so not much will change for now.
According to Countryaah, there are 45 countries in Europe. The European Union is a part of Europe Continent.
How did Brexit come about?
The British never wanted to go along with everything the EU decided. For example, they have the pound as their currency, in most other EU member states you pay with the euro. Many do not like the fact that so many EU citizens from other countries are allowed to come and work and live in their country. Many also fear that their country will lose sovereignty, i.e. self-determination. In her opinion, the UK should be able to determine many things that are decided in the EU. The financial crisis was also an important point. British politicians did not want to pay money for Greece at the time. But there are more reasons why the British criticize the EU.
Prime Minister David Cameron tried to negotiate individual matters with the EU and give his country more freedom. That didn’t work. He got a lot of pressure from other British politicians here. That’s why he brought out his own law called the EU referendum. United Kingdom citizens should be able to vote whether their country should remain in the EU or not.
Maybe not a Brexit after all?
This question has been around for a long time. The referendum was also very short: 51.9% voted to leave. Younger British in particular are critical of Brexit. But there was not a second referendum (i.e. a vote of the population), as many suspected.
How long has Great Britain been in the EU?
The country joined in 1973 the predecessor of the EU, the European Economic Community (EEC).
Isn’t Britain a monarchy?
You might think: Great Britain has the Queen! Why is Theresa May or Boris Johnson in the media all the time? Of course you are right. Britain has a so-called parliamentary monarchy. Queen Elisabeth II is the head of state.
The Queen has various “representative” tasks, such as receiving other politicians, hiring ministers or confirming laws. She actually has similar tasks to our Federal President, only she is not elected, but born into her position.
The Prime Minister, on the other hand, is responsible for politics, similar to our Chancellor. Theresa May initially took on the job when the population decided to exit the EU. Her job was not that easy, she failed because of it. The successor is Boris Johnson. The Prime Minister’s job is to negotiate a deal with the European Union and have it signed by the British Parliament.
There are many EU agreements signed by British politicians. All of them now have to be looked at and the EU has to negotiate new contracts with the British.
| Country | Main parties with mandate in recent elections | Main parties with seats in the penultimate election |
| Albania | Socialist Party (PS) 74, Democratic Party (PD) 43, Socialist Movement for Integration 19, other 4 (2017) | Alliance for a European Albania (PS et al) 83, Alliance for Labor, Welfare and Integration (PD et al) 57 (2013) |
| Andorra | Democrats for Andorra 11, Social Democratic Party 7, Andorra Liberals 4, Unió Laurediana Alliance and Third Way 4 (2019) | Democrats for Andorra 15, Andorra Liberals 8, Alliance of Socialists, Greens and Citizens’ Initiative (Iniciativa Ciutadana) 3 (2015) |
| Armenia | My Step 88, A Successful Armenia 26, The Brilliant Armenia 18 (2018) | Republican Party 58, Tsarukyan Alliance (A Successful Armenia and Others) 31, Way Out 9, Dashnak 7 (2017) |
| Azerbaijan | New Azerbaijan 70, Civic Solidarity 3, Other Parties 7 (1 each), Independent Candidates 41, Vacancies 4 (2020) 14 | New Azerbaijan 69, Civic Solidarity 2, Popular Front 1, other 9 (1 each), non-partisan candidates 43, vacant 1 (2015) |
| Belgium | New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) 25, Socialist Party (PS) 20, Flemish Interest (VB) 18, Reform Movement (MR) 14, Ecolo 13, Christian Democrats (CD&V) 12, Belgian Labor Party (PVDA / PTB) 12, Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD) 12, Socialist Party-Different (SP-A) 9, Green 8, Humanist Democratic Center (CDH) 5, others 2 (2019) | New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) 33, Socialist Party (PS) 23, Reform Movement (MR) 20, Christian Democrats (CD&V) 18, Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD) 14, Socialist Party-Different (SP-A) 13, Humanist Democratic Center (CDH) 9, Green 6, Ecolo 6, Flemish interest (VB) 3, Belgian Workers’ Party (PVDA / PTB) 2, others 3 (2014) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Party for Democratic Action (SDA) 9, Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) 6, Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina with allies (HDZ BiH) 5, Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) 5, Democratic Front with Allies (DF) 3, Serbian Democratic Party with Allies (SDS) 3, other 11 (2018) | Democratic Action Party (SDA) 10, Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) 6, Democratic Front (DF) 5, Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) 5, Alliance for a Better Future (SBB) 4, Croatian Democratic Union in Bosnia and Herzegovina with allies (HDZ BiH) 4, Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) 3, others 6 (2014) |
| Bulgaria | Gerb 95, BSP for Bulgaria (Alliance led by the Socialist Party) 80, United Patriots (Patriotic Front + Attack) 27, Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) 26, Volja (Determination) 12 (2017) | Gerb 84, Socialist Party 39, Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) 38, Reformist Bloc 23, Patriotic Front 19, Bulgaria without censorship 15, Attack 11, Alternative for Bulgarian Renewal 11 (2014) |
| Cyprus | Democratic rally / Disy 18, Workers ‘Progress Party / Akel 16, Democratic Party / Diko 9, Social Democratic Edek 3, Citizens’ Alliance 3, Solidarity Movement 3, Greens 2, National People’s Front Elam 2 (2016) 15 | Democratic Assembly / Disy 20, Workers’ Progress Party / Akel 19, Democratic Party / Diko 9, Social Democratic Edek 5, European Party 2, The Greens 1 (2011) 22 |
| Denmark | Socialdemokratiet 48, Venstre 43, Dansk Folkeparti 16, Radikale Venstre 16, Socialistisk Folkeparti 14, Enhedslisten 13, Konservative Folkeparti 12, Alternativet 5, Nye Borgerlige 4, Liberal Alliance 4 (2019) | Socialdemokratiet 47, Dansk Folkeparti 37, Venstre 34, Enhedslisten 14, Liberal Alliance 13, Alternativet 9, Radikale Venstre 8, Socialistisk Folkeparti 7, Konservative Folkeparti 6 (2015) |
| Estonia | Reformpartiet 34, Centerpartiet 26, Konservativa folkpartiet Ekre 19, högeralliansen Fosterlandets och Res Publicas förbund / Isamaa 12, Socialdemokraterna 10 (2019) | Reformpartiet 30, Centerpartiet 27, Socialdemokraterna 15, högeralliansen Fosterlandets och Res Publicas förbund / Isamaa 14, Fria partiet 8, Konservativa folkpartiet 7 (2015) |
| Finland | The Social Democrats 40, The True Finns 39, The Coalition Party 38, The Center Party 31, The Greens 20, The Left Alliance 16, The Swedish People’s Party 9, The Christian Democrats 5 (2019) | Centern 49, Sannfinländarna 38, Samlingspartiet 37, Socialdemokraterna 34, De Gröna 15, Vänsterförbundet 12, Svenska folkpartiet 9, Kristdemokraterna 5 (2015) |
| France | Republic on the Move (LREM) 308, Republicans 112, Democratic Movement (MoDem) 42, Socialist Party (PS) 30, Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) 18, Okuvade France 17, French Communist Party (PCF) 10, National Front (UN) 8 , other 32 (2017) | Socialist Party (PS) 280, Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) 194, Independent Left Candidates (DVG) 22, European Ecology-Greens (EELV) 17, Independent Right Candidates (DVD) 15, New Center (NC) 12, Radical Left Party (PRG ) 12, Vänsterfronten (FG) 10, Radikala partiet (PR) 6, andre 9 (2012) |
| Georgia | Georgian Dream 90, Strength in Unity (UNM) 36, European Georgia 5, Lelo 4, Strategy 4, Georgian Patriots Alliance 4, Girchi 4, Citizens 2, Labor Party 1 (2020) | Georgian Dream 115, National Movement 27, Georgian Patriots Alliance 6, Independence 2 (2016) |
| Greece | New Democracy 158, Syriza 86, Movement for Change 22, Communist Party 15, Greek Solution 10, MeRA25 9 (2019) | Radical Left Coalition / Syriza 145, New Democracy 75, Golden Dawn 18, Panhellenic Socialist Movement / Pasok 17, Communist Party 15, River 11, Independent Greeks / Anel 10, Center Union / EK 9 (2015) 23 |
| Ireland | Fianna Fáil 38, Sinn Féin 37, Fine Gael 35, Green Party 12, Labor Party 6, Social Democrats 6, Solidarity – People before profit 5, Unit 1, independent members 19 (2020) | Fine Gael 50, Fianna Fáil 44, Sinn Féin 23, Labor Party 7, AAA-PBP 6, Independent Alliance 6, Social Democrats 3, Green Party 2, Independent Members 17 (2016) |
| Iceland | The Independence Party 16, the Left-Greens 11, the Alliance 7, the Center Party 7, the Progress Party 8, the Pirate Party 6, the People’s Party 4, the Reform Party 4 (2017) | Independence Party 21, Left-Greens 10, Pirate Party 10, Progress Party 8, Resurrection 7, Bright Future 4, Alliance 3 (2016) |
| Italy | Center-Right Alliance (Lega, Cheers Italy, Brothers of Italy, etc.) approx. 265/137, Five Star Movement (M5S) approx. 222/112, Center-Left Alliance (Democratic Party etc.) approx. 122/60, Free and Equal approx. 14/4 (2018 ) | Democratic Party (PD) 297/114, Five Star Movement (M5S) 109/54, People of Freedom (PDL) 98/99, Monti’s Agenda for Italy 39/19, Left Ecology and Freedom (SEL) 37/8, Confederation North (LN) 18/17, Brothers of Italy 9/0, Center Union (UDC) 8/0, Democratic Center 6/0, South Tyrolean People’s Party (SVP) 5/0, others 4/4 (2013) |
| Kosovo | Vetëvendosje 29, LDK 28, PDK 24, AAK 13, Serbian list 10, Nisma-AKR-PD 6, others 10 (2019) 16 | alliance PDK – AAK – Nisma 39, Vetëvendosje 32, alliance LDK – AKR – Alternativet 29, Serbian list 9, others 11 (2017) |
| Croatia | HDZ 66, SDP-led alliance 41, DPMŠ-led alliance 16, Most 8, Green-left alliance 7, national minorities 8, other 5 (2020) | HDZ-led alliance 61, SDP-led alliance 54, Most 13, Živi zid-led alliance 8, national minorities 8, others 7 (2016) |
| Latvia | Harmony 23, KPV LV 16, New Conservative Party 16, For Development / For 13, National Alliance 13, Union of Greens and Peasants 11, New Unit 8 (2018) | Harmony Center 24, Unit 23, League of Greens and Peasants 21, National Alliance 17, League of Latvian Federations 8, For Latvia from the Heart 7 (2014) |
| Liechtenstein | Progressive Citizens’ Party 10, Fosterland Union 10, Free List 3, Democrats for Liechtenstein 2 (2021) | Progressive Citizens’ Party 9, Fosterland Union 8, The Independents 5, Free List 3 (2017) |
| Lithuania | The Fosterlandsförbundet 50, the Peasants’ and Greens’ Union 32, the Liberal Movement 13, the Social Democrats 13, the Freedom Party 11, the Labor Party 10, the Election for Poles in Lithuania 3, the Social Democratic Workers’ Party 3, others 5 (2020) | Farmers ‘and Greens’ Union 54, Fosterlandsförbundet 31, Socialdemokraterna 17, Liberal Movement 14, Election Campaign for Poles in Lithuania 8, Order and Justice 8, Labor Party 2, Other and Independent 7 (2016) |
| Luxembourg | Christian Social People’s Party 21, Democratic Party 12, Socialist Workers’ Party 10, Greens 9, Alternative Democratic Reform Party 4, Pirate Party 2, Left 2 (2018) | Christian Social People’s Party 23, Socialist Workers’ Party 13, Democratic Party 13, Greens 6, Alternative Democratic Reform Party 3, Left 2 (2013) |
| Northern Macedonia | SDSM-led alliance 46, VMRO-DPMNE-led alliance 44, Democratic Union for Integration (BDI) 15, Alliance for Albanians (ASH) 12, Left 2, Albanian Democratic Party (PDSH) 1 (2020) | VMRO-DPMNE-led alliance 51, SDSM-led alliance 49, Democratic Union for Integration (BDI) 10, Besa Movement 5, Alliance for Albanians (ASH) 3, Albanian Democratic Party (PDSH) 2 (2016) |
| Malta | Arbetarpartiet 37, Nationalistpartiet 30 (2017) | Nationalist Party 39, Labor Party 30 (2013) |
| Moldova | Socialist Party 34, Democratic Party 30, Alliance Now (Acum) 27, Sor Party 7, Independent Candidates 3 (2019) 17 | Socialist Party 25, Liberal Democratic Party 23, Communist Party 21, Democratic Party 19, Liberal Party 13 (2010) |
| Monaco | Priority Monaco 24, Horizon Monaco 2, Monegasque Union 1 (2018) | Horizon Monaco 20, Union Monaco 3, Renaissance List 1 (2013) |
| Montenegro | Democratic Socialist Party (DPS) 30, For Montenegro’s Future (ZBCG) 27, Peace is our Nation (MNN) 10, Citizens’ Movement URA 4, Social Democrats (SD) 3, Bosnia Party (BS) 3, Montenegro Social Democratic Party (SDP) 2, Albanian 1, Albanian Coalition 1 (2020) | Democratic Socialist Party (DPS) + Montenegrin Liberal Party (LPCG) 36, Democratic Front (DF) 18, Key Coalition 9, Democratic Montenegro 8, Bosnian Party (BS) / Forca / Croatian Initiative (HGI) 4, Montenegro Social Democratic Party (SPD) 4, Montenegro Social Democrats (SD) 2 (2016) |
| Netherlands | People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) 33, Freedom Party (PVV) 20, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) 19, Democrats 66 19, Green Left (GL) 14, Socialist Party (SP) 14, Labor Party (PvdA) 9, Christian Union (CU ) 5, Djurpartiet (PvdD) 5, others 12 (2017) | People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) 41, Labor Party (PvdA) 38, Freedom Party (PVV) 15, Socialist Party 15, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) 13, Democrats 66 12, Christian Union 5, Green Left (GL) 4, others 7 ( 2012) |
| Norway | Arbeiderpartiet 49, Høyre 45, Fremskrittspartiet 27, Senterpartiet 19, Sosialistisk Venstreparti 11, Venstre 8, Kristelig Folkeparti 8, Miljøpartiet De grønne 1, Rødt 1 (2017) | Arbeiderpartiet 55, Høyre 48, Fremskrittspartiet 29, Kristelig Folkeparti 10, Senterpartiet 10, Venstre 9, Sosialistisk Venstreparti 7, Miljøpartiet De Grønne 1 (2013) |
| Poland | Law and Justice 235, Citizens ‘Coalition (KO) 134, Left 49, Kukiz’15 / Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL) 30, Confederation 11, German Minority 1 (2019) | Law and Justice 235, Citizens ‘Platform (PO) 138, Kukiz’15 42, Moderna 28, Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL) 16, German Minority 1 (2015) |
| Portugal | Socialist Party (PS) 108, Social Democrats (PSD) 79, Left Bloc 19, Democratic Unity Coalition 12, People’s Party (PP) 5, People, Animals and Nature (PAN) 4, Chega 1 Liberal Initiative (IL), Livre 1 (2019) | Forward Portugal (including the Social Democrats, PSD) 102, the Socialist Party (PS) 86, the Left Bloc 19, the Communist Party 17, and two smaller parties (2015) |
| Romania | the distribution of seats after the election on 6 December 2020 is not complete | Social Democratic Party (PSD) 154/67, National Liberal Party (PNL) 69/30, Union save Romania (USR) 30/13, Hungarian Democratic Union (UDMR) 21/9, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Alde) 20/9, The People’s Movement Party (PMP) 18/8, ethnic minority parties 17/0 (2016) |
| Russia | United Russia 343, Communist Party 42, Liberal Democrats 39, A just Russia 23, others 3 (2016) 18 | United Russia 238, Communist Party 92, Liberal Democrats 56, A Just Russia 64 (2011) 24 |
| San Marino | Christian Democratic Party 21, Alliance for Tomorrow 15 (RETE 11, Domani Motus Liberi 4), Alliance Libera 10 (with, among others, Social Democrats-Left and Civic 10), Alliance Noi per la republica 8 (with Social Democrats, Socialist Party and more), Alliance Future Republic 6 (2019) | Adesso.sm (Future Republic, Civico 10, Social Democrats-Left etc.) 35, San Marino above all (Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, Socialist Party etc.) 16 (2016) |
| Switzerland | Swiss People’s Party 53, Social Democrats 39, FDP Liberals 29, Greens 28, Christian Democrats 25, Green Liberals 16, Bourgeois Democratic Party 3 (2019) | Swiss People’s Party 65/5, Social Democrats 43/12, FDP Liberals 33/13, Christian Democrats 27/13, Greens 11/1, Green Liberals 7/0, Bourgeois Democratic Party 7/1, others 7/1 (2015) |
| Serbia | alliance led by the Serbian Progress Party (SNS) 188, alliance led by the Socialist Party (SPS) 32, Serbia’s Patriotic Alliance (Spas) 11, Vojvodina Hungarian Alliance (VMSZ) 9, others 10 (2020) | alliance led by the Serbian Progress Party (SNS) 131, alliance led by the Socialist Party (SPS) 29, Radical Party (SRS) 22, alliance led by the Democratic Party (DS) 16, Now it must be enough (DJB) 16, Serbia’s Democratic Party Dveri (DSS / Dveri) 13, alliance led by the Social Democratic Party (SDS) 13, other 10 (2016) |
| Slovakia | Ordinary people and independent personalities / OL’aNO (53), Direction-Social Democracy / Smer-SD (38), We are a family / SME Rodina (17), People’s Party – Our Slovakia / L’SNS (17), Freedom and solidarity / SaS (13), For the people (12) (2020) | Direction-Social Democracy / Smer-SD (49), Freedom and Solidarity / SaS (21), Ordinary People and Independent Personalities / OL’aNO (19), Slovak Nationalist Party / SNS (15), People’s Party – Our Slovakia / L’SNS (14), We are a family / SME Rodina (11), Bro (11), Nätverket / Siet ‘(10) (2016) |
| Slovenia | Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) 25, Marjan Šarec’s list (LMS) 13, Social Democrats (SD) 10, Modern Center Party (SMC) 10, Left (L) 9, New Slovenia (NSI) 7, Alenka Bratušek’s party (SAB) 5, Democratic Pensioners’ Party (Desus) 5, Slovenian Nationalist Party (SNS) 4, others 2 (2018) | Miro Cerar’s Party (SMC) 36, Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) 21, Democratic Pensioners’ Party (Desus) 10, Social Democrats (SD) 6, Coalition United Left (ZL) 6, New Slovenia (NSI) 5, Alenka Bratušek’s Alliance (Zaab) 4, others 2 (2014) 25 |
| Spain | Socialist Party (PSOE) 120, People’s Party (PP) 89, Vox 52, Unidas Podemos 35, Catalan Republican Left (ERC-Sobiranistes) 13, Ciudadanos 10, Together for Catalonia (JxCat-Junts) 8, Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) 6, EH Bildu 5, Más País 3, Cup-PR 2, CCa-PNC 2, NA + 2, BNG 1, PRC 1, Teruel Existe 1 (2019) 19 | Socialist Party (PSOE) 123/121, People’s Party (PP) 66/56, Ciudadanos 57/4, Unidas Podemos 42, Vox 24, Catalan Republican Left (ERC-Sobiranistes) 15/11, Together for Catalonia (JxCat-Junts) 7 / 2, Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) 6/9, EH Bildu 4/1, CCa-PNC 2, NA + 2/3, Compromise 2019 1, PRC 1, ASG 0/1 (2019) 26 |
| UK | Conservative Party / Tory 365, Labor 203, Scottish Nationalist Party / SNP 48, Liberal Democrats 11, Democratic Unionist Party 8, Sinn Féin 7, Plaid Cymru 4, SDLP 2, Green Party 1, Alliance Party 1 (2019) | Conservative Party / Tory 318, Labor 262, Scottish Nationalist Party / SNP 35, Liberal Democrats 12, Democratic Unionist Party 10, Sinn Féin 7, Plaid Cymru 4, Green Party 1, and 1 Independent Candidate (2017) |
| Sweden | The Social Democrats 100, the Moderate Coalition Party 70, the Sweden Democrats 62, the Center Party 31, the Left Party 28, the Christian Democrats 22, the Liberals 20, the Green Party 16 (2018) | The Social Democrats 113, the Moderate Coalition Party 84, the Sweden Democrats 49, the Green Party 25, the Center Party 22, the Left Party 21, the Liberal People’s Party 19, the Christian Democrats 16 (2014) |
| Czech Republic | Action by dissatisfied citizens / ANO (78), Democratic Citizens’ Party / ODS (25), Czech Pirate Party (22), Freedom and Direct Democracy / SPD (22), Bohemian and Moravian Communist Party (15), Social Democratic Party / ČSSD (15), Christian Democratic Union -Folkpartiet / KDU-ČSL (10), TOP 09 (7), Mayors and Independents / STAN (6) (2017) | Social Democratic Party / ČSSD (50), Dissatisfied Citizens ‘Action / ANO (47), Bohemian and Moravian Communist Party (33), TOP 09 (26), Democratic Citizens’ Party / ODS (16), Direct Democracy Dawn (14), Christian Democratic Union-People’s Party / KDU-ČSL (14) (2013) |
| Turkey | Justice and Development Party (AKP) 295, National Action Party (MHP) 49, Republican People’s Party (CHP) 146, The Good Party (IP) 43, People’s Democratic Party (HDP) 67 (2018) 20 | Justice and Development Party (AKP) 317, Republican People’s Party (CHP) 134, People’s Democratic Party (HDP) 59, National Action Party (MHP) 40 (2015) |
| Germany | CDU / CSU 246, SPD 153, AFD 94, FDP 80, Left 69, The Greens 67 (2017) | CDU / CSU 311, SPD 192, Left 64, Greens 63 (2013) |
| Ukraine | The Servant of the People 254, The Opposition Platform 43, The Fatherland 26, European Solidarity 25, The Voice 20, The Opposition Block 6, Self-Confidence 1, Freedom 1, Other and Independence 48 (2019) 21 | Poroshenko’s bloc 132, Folkfronten 82, Självtillit 33, Oppositionsblocket 29, Radikala partiet 22, Fosterlandet 19, Frihet 6, andre och obrående 100 (2014) |
| Hungary | Hungarian Citizens’ Union (Fidesz) together with the Christian Democratic People’s Party KDNP 133, The Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik) 26, The Hungarian Socialist Party − Dialogue for Hungary (20), The Democratic Coalition 9, Politics Can Be Different (LMP) 8 (2018) | Hungarian Citizens’ Union (Fidesz) with Christian Democratic People’s Party KDNP 133, Center-Left Alliance “Change of Government” – Kormányváltás 38, Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik) 23, Politics Can Be Different (LMP) 5 (2014) |
| Vatican City State | there are no political parties | – |
| Belarus | Allies loyal to the regime get all 110 seats. (2019) | Faithful to the regime get 108 of the 110 seats in parliament. Two opposition members are elected. (2016) |
| Austria | Folkpartiet (ÖVP) 71, Socialdemokraterna (SPÖ) 40, Frihetliga partiet (FPÖ) 31, De gröna 26, NEOS 15 (2019) | Folkpartiet (ÖVP) 62, Socialdemokraterna (SPÖ) 52, Frihetliga partiet (FPÖ) 51, NEOS 10, Peter Pilz List (8) (2017) |
